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Arepa
The arepa is a corn-based bread from the northern Andes in South America, now spread to other areas in modern Latin American countries. It is similar to the mesoamerican tortilla. Arepas are most popular in Colombia and Venezuela.
Characteristics
The arepa is a flat cornmeal patty which is grilled, baked, or fried. The characteristics of the arepa vary with local culture. The size and flatness may vary according to the region. They are stuffed with cheeses, vegetables, or any other wanted stuffing.
It is believed that arepa is a word from the dialect of the Caracas Indians (north coast of Venezuela) that translates into maize.
In Eastern Venezuela besides the most common variety of 3 to in diameter and half an inch thick, you can find enormous arepas of in diameter and two inches thick made with either white or yellow corn, but in the Andean West you may find flat arepas of a quarter of an inch or less and 3 to in diameter. It is often eaten as a sandwich, split in half and filled with cheese, deli meats, or other fillings, in which case it is called arepa rellena or a Venezuelan "tostada", although it seems this last term is not in common use anymore; it is also sometimes dressed with toppings and eaten open-faced.
On the Caribbean coast of South America, the arepa-like (cornmeal cake) is often deep-fried and, in one variation, where a raw egg is added midway through the frying process, it becomes the arepa e huevo. This latter variation was most likely devised by the African slaves near Cartagena de Indias.
Making arepas
There are two ways to make the dough: the original, highly laborious method requires the maize grains to be soaked, then they are peeled and ground, this is done by pounding the grains in a larger mortar (pilon) to remove the pericarp and the seed germ, only the cotyledons of the maize seed are used to make the dough, this product (mortared maize or "maiz pilado") was normally sold as dry grain which were then boiled and ground into the dough. The second, easier, and most popular method today is to buy pre-cooked corn in a dry flour form, specially prepared for making arepa and many other maize based dough dishes . The most popular brand name of corn flour in Venezuela is Harina Pan, and in Colombia is Areparina; it's usually made from white corn but there are yellow corn varieties available. This product was invented in the 1950s by Dr. Caballero Mejias, a Venezuelan engineer who used the profits from his patent to finance a Technical Schools system. The precooked form was widely industrialized from there. The flour is mixed with water and salt . After being molded by hand, or in a special mold, into a patty, the dough is fried, grilled or baked. This production of maize is unusual for not using the nixtamalization or alkali cooking process to remove the pericarp. Arepa flour is lower in nutritive value than nixtamal with protein value reduced by 50% though protein digestion may be higher.
Electric arepa makers
In some countries, like Venezuela, various kitchen appliance companies sell gadgets like the Tostyarepa, very similar to a waffle iron, which cooks arepas using two hot metallic surfaces clamped with the raw dough inside. In Venezuela, the arepa is traditionally grilled on a "budare", which is a flat originally non-metallic surface which may or may not have a handle on it. Arepas cooked this way are named "tostadas" (the plural form of "toasted"). Nowadays it's common to follow the grilling process which forms the "concha" or crust with 20 to 25 minutes in the oven at very high temperatures, very much like the ones used in broiling settings in North America. Normally an arepa takes fifteen to 25 minutes by side to be prepared in a regular grill; with the Tostyarepa, making arepas takes about seven minutes or less.
Arepa types
Their preparation depends on two main factors: one is the personal taste or preference of each individual; the second is the region in which they are made. The result is a wide variety of arepa types:
Traditional corn (Maize) arepa
Corn flour arepa (Arepa blanca or Viuda)
Wheat flour arepa (Prenaditas in Venezuelan slang)
Sweet arepa (Arepa dulce)
Cheese arepa (Arepa de queso)
Coconut arepa (Arepa de coco)
Andean arepa (Arepa andina)
Manioc arepa (Arepa de yuca)
Reina Pepeada - filled with avocado, chicken, potatoes, carrots, and mayonnaise
Baked arepas (Arepas horneadas)
Fried arepas (Arepa frita)
Arepa pelua - with yellow cheese and pulled beef
Arepa catira - with yellow cheese and chicken
Arepa de chicharron - arepa with crisped pork skin
Arepa de domino - white cheese and black beans
Arepa de Perico - made with perico, a Caribbean type of scrambled eggs
Arepa viuda ("widow" arepa) - an empty arepa usually eaten with soup
Other fillings are guacuco (a shellfish), cazon (a kind of small shark), pernil (pork), huevos de codorniz (quail eggs), and octopus.
History
The arepa was the corn bread of the Timoto-cuicas native American nation that lived in the northern Andean mountains of Venezuela who learned how to grow maize from the Quechuas (Peru) and Mayas (Mexico) where the crop was originally from. The larger native American nations of Venezuela widely used the form of bread called Casabe, made from Yuca roots. With the colonization process the maize (corn) bread was widely spread throughout the country and into Colombia, then named Nueva Granada or Santa Fe.
Both Colombians and Venezuelans view the arepa as a traditional national food. The arepa has a long tradition in both countries with local recipes that are very delicious and varied.
Colombian arepas
In Colombia, the arepa has deep roots in the colonial farms and in the cuisine of the indigenous people. In modern times the tradition has not yet been forgotten although arepas are prepared less frequently at home and more often manufactured and sold in stores.
Colombians typically spread butter or cheese on the top. However, there are specialty arepas:
Stuffed arepas
Arepa de choclo (or chocolo): the most famous variety, made with sweet corn and farmers white cheese.
Egg arepa : originating from the Caribbean coast but a popular street food in most cities, this arepa is deep fried with a single raw egg inside that is cooked through by the time the arepa is ready. Egg arepas are made with the same yellow corn dough and deep-fried in the same manner as most Colombian empanadas, and are often sold from the same food stands. One variation has shredded beef inside along with the egg.
Cheese arepa : Another variety with grated cheese is placed inside the cake before it is grilled or fried.
Arepa Boyacense: Traditional in the department of Boyaca, these arepas are very hard and dense, about 3-4 inches across and filled with a sweet cheese.
Companies like "Don Maiz" have begun to market less-traditional kinds of arepas in Colombian grocery stores that are nonetheless growing in popularity. These include yuca -flavored arepas (yuca bread is more traditional) and arepas made of brown rice and sesame seeds.
While less popular than in Venezuela, sandwich-like filled arepas are sold throughout Colombia as well.
Plain arepas
Antioquian arepa: Little flat spheroid-shaped arepa without salt served to accompany soups and mondongo soups. Very common in the department of Antioquia.
Arepa Paisa: Very large and flat arepa made of white maize without salt but accompanied with meats or butter on top of it. Very common in the coffee-producing region, often served with hogao, a traditional sauce (or stew) made of tomatoes and spring onions.
Arepa de arroz: Made with cooked, mashed rice instead of corn dough.
In the western part of Colombia, especially around Bogota and Medellin, a traditional breakfast includes one portion of arepa, normally complemented with hot chocolate.
Similar dishes
In Colombia, the Arepuela is a far cousin of the traditional arepa; made with wheat flour and optionally anise so when fried the layers expand and the arepuela inflates (similar to little tortillas or little pancakes). Very common in the interior. In the north, bollos are popular for breakfast - these are made with the same dough as an arepa, but boiled rather than fried and given a texture similar to Czech bread dumplings.
In Costa Rica, arepas are made from batter, and are similar to pancakes, with slight differences in taste. In Mexico there is some food similar that are fried and called gordita not to be confused with tortillas. In El Salvador, similar flat cakes are called pupusas, and the most important difference is that the flat cake is filled before to be cooked, most of the times with some pork, white cheese and / or black beans.
References
Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations. Maize in Human Nutrition
Dr. Nelson Solorzano, specialist in food and nutrition and in Caribbean Region Culture. Socio-economic Development Planner specialized in Latin American Socio-economic Development History, Agriculture and Culture. (CENDES-UCV), USA, May,2007
De los timoto-cuicas a la invisibilidad del indigena andino y a su diversidad cultural
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Arepa
